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This is a short dynamic list of PMP reconstructions based on lexical correspondences not mentioned in Blust & Trussel, The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Some of these reconstructions have been proposed before for individual subgroups, and are credited accordingly. If I have overlooked any existing older reconstruction, please leave me a comment or sent me a message.
Reconstructions
A
*aŋəluq 'wind'D
*dələj 'mountain'E
*əŋəR/*iŋəR 'nose'H
*hadi 'finish, stop, rest'K
*kədəR 'stand'L
*liqəj 'see'*lijay 'leaf vein'
P
*patəq 'break (long object)'*puRad 'nest'
Q
*qəli 'buy'*qu[d/z]i 'laugh'
S
*səjəb 'burn'T
*təkəl 'sleep'*aŋəluq 'wind'
Zobel (2020)Celebic: Kaili–Wolio
Wolio, Loa' ŋalu
Uma ŋoluʔ
Kulawi ŋolu
Pamona ŋoyu
Sumba–Hawu
Kambera ŋilu
Hawu ŋəlu
(Proto Sumba–Hawu *ŋəlu, Blust 2008)
Central Timor
Tukudede, Mambae gelu
Other
Maranao ndoʔ
Chamorro maŋloʔ
*dələj 'mountain'
(Zobel 24 Jan 2021)Barrier Islands–Batak (Nothofer 1986)
Simalur dəlok
Sikhule lɨlɨ (assimilation *r-l- > l-l-)
Mentawai leleu 'forest, mountain'
Karo dələŋ
Toba dolok
Simalungun dolog
(Proto Batak *dələg, Adelaar 1981)
Land Dayak
Biatah darid
Bukar Sadong darɨd
Hliboi dilod
Singai dorud
Sungkung dalɨd
(Proto Bidayuh *daləd, Smith 2017)
Kaili–Wolio
Uma role
Pamona, Kulawi, Lindu lore (met)
Ledo, Wotu lare (met)
(Proto Kaili–Pamona *lore, Martens 1997; Proto Kaili–Wolio *ləre, Zobel 2020; must be corrected to *rəle based on top-down and Uma evidence)
SHWNG
Buli lolas
Maba lolos
Other
Rampi ləri (loan from Kaili-Wolio?)
Palauan rois
Chamorro huloʔ 'above, top'
Note: POc has *solos 'inland mountain country, highlands interior' (Ross, Pawley & Osmond 2003), which actually points to PMP *zələj. Initial *z is compatible with the reflexes in Palauan, Buli and in the Barrier Islands–Batak and Land Dayak languages, since these have merged PMP *d and *z. Chamorro and Kaili–Wolio evidence, however, supports initial *d. This either means that POc *solos is unrelated or has an irregular reflex of initial *d (similar to the case of PMP *duRi ≙ POc *suRi). Or otherwise, the Chamorro and Kaili–Wolio reflexes are unrelated/irregular.
The phonotactics of PMP speaks against *zələj, since the is no (?) known PMP reconstruction which has both *z and *j in the same word.
*əŋəR/*iŋəR 'nose'
(Zobel 2020)Reflexes of *əŋəR:
Central Cordilleran
Itneg qɨŋɨl
Bontok qɨŋɨl
Kalinga qoŋol
Balangaw qaŋal
(Proto North Central Cordilleran *qɨŋɨl, Reid 1974)
Celebic: Kaili–Wolio
Uma, Kulawi, Lindu, Rai, Ledo oŋe
Wolio, Loa', Wotu aŋo
(Proto Kaili–Pamona *oŋe, Martens 1997; Proto Kaili–Wolio *əŋå, Zobel 2020)
Celebic: Saluan-Banggai
Andio ŋoo
Balantak ŋoor
Celebic: Muna-Buton
Tukang Besi ŋoʔo
Cia-Cia ŋoʔo
Muna nee
Others
Soboyo ŋoo
Reflexes of *iŋəR:
South Sulawesi (Mills 1975; Adelaar 1994)
Maiwa iŋeʔ
Bugis iŋəʔ
Embaloh iŋar
Barrier Islands-Batak
Simeulue iŋol ('mucus')
Nias iŋo ('mucus')
Others
Nasal iŋul
Note: The connection between Nasal iŋul and the Simeulue and Nias words for 'mucus' was first observed by McDonnell (2021).
*hadi 'finish, stop, rest'
(Zobel 31 Jul 2021)Philippines
Tausug hali 'rest'
(Proto Philippines *hadi 'rest; stop from work', Zorc n.d.)
Barrier Islands-Batak
Toba mar-adi 'rest'
Mentawai mu-ari 'stop, rest'
Celebic: Bungku-Tolaki
Bungku, Moronene, Kulisusu, Tolaki ari
Mori Bawah, Padoe, Wawonii um-ari
(Proto Bungku-Tolaki *ari 'finish; already', Mead 1998)
CMP
Kei yar
Koiwai lar
Other
Old Javanese um-ari 'finish, stop'
Makassarese amm-ari 'finish, stop'
*kədəR 'stand'
Zobel (2020), cf. Blust & Trussel (ACD) *-dəR 'stand' (root)Celebic: Kaili–Wolio
Uma mokore
Pamona mekakore
Wolio kakaro
Wotu maro
(Proto Kaili–Pamona *kore, Martens 1997; Proto Kaili–Wolio *kərå, Zobel 2020)
Celebic: Tominic
Taje, Dampelas, Pendau ʔoro
Lauje, Ampibabo ʔolo
Tialo ŋkolog
Celebic: other
Andio kumokoro
Balantak kumekerer (e in final and penultimate syllable is irregular)
Tolaki meŋgokoro
(Proto Celebic *koroR, Martens 1997)
South Sulawesi
Duri keʔdeh
Toraja keʔdeʔ
(Proto South Sulawesi *kɨddeɣ, Mills 1975)
CMP
Manggarai həse
Hawu kəɗi
*lijay 'leaf vein'
(Zobel 20 May 2022)Barrier Islands-Batak
Alas ligi (final -i is irregular for expected **-ey)
Nias lixe
Simeulue lixae
Malayic
Malay lidi
Timor-Babar
Proto Rote-Meto *liɗe (Edwards 2021)
Note: the connection between Malay lidi and cognates in the languages of Rote was first recognized by Edwards (2021).
*liqəj 'see'
(Zobel 24 Jan 2021)Malayic
Standard Malay lihat
Bangka Malay liət
Other
Bonggi liid
Palu'e lie
Chamorro liʔiʔ
Proto-Oceanic *liqos (Ross, Pawley & Osmond 2016)
*patəq 'break' (long object)
(Zobel 02 Feb 2021) Cf. *pataq (Blust & Trussel, ACD)Celebic: Saluan-Banggai
Saluan patoʔ
Andio patoʔ
Balantak patoʔ
Kisar-Luangic (Jonker 1932)
Leti pati
Kisar paki
(via *mbatəq < *ma-patəq)
Others
Nias fatö
Malay patah
Sundanese pateuh 'sprain'
Kambera pata (tr.), mbata (intr.)
Proto South Aru *bata (Nivens n.d.)
Note: Blust & Trussel have *pataq, but data from Nias, Sundanese, and Celebic and Kisar-Luangic languages clearly points to *ə in the final syllable.
*puRad 'nest'
(Zobel 10 Mar 2024)Philippines
Casiguran Dumagat pugád
Tagalog púgad
Hanunoo púgad
Palawan Batak púgad
Maranao pogad
Cf. Proto Philippine *pugad (Blust & Trussel, ACD)
Note that in all languages of Blust's set, PMP *R has become g.
South Halmahera
Buli fafual
Maba fuol
Sawai ful
*qəli 'buy'
Zobel (2020)Celebic
Proto Kaili-Wolio *əli
Proto Bungku-Tolaki *oli (Mead 1998)
Muna gholi
Cia-Cia holi
Lauje oli
Pendau oli
Saluan oli
Balantak ili
(Proto Celebic *qəli)
South Sulawesi
Mandar alli
Toraja alli
Bugis əlli
Barrier Islands–Batak (Nothofer 1986)
Nias (h)öli 'price'
Enggano e-odi 'price'
Toba mang-oli 'marry (said of the man who pays the bridal price)'
Note: variant of *bəli (Blust & Trussel, ACD)
*qu[d/z]i 'laugh'
(Zobel 24 Jan 2021)South Mindanao (Savage 1986)
Tboli kuli
Blaan ʔule
Other
Palauan ʔur, ʔəri-
Makassar muri 'smile'
*səjəb 'burn'
(Zobel 21 Okt 2021)Northern Luzon
Kalinga (Guinaang) sogób
N. Kankanay sɨgb-ɨn
(Proto Philippines *səjəb, Charles 1974; Zorc n.d.)
Southest Sabah
Timugon solob
Limbang Bisaya sorob
Other
Palauan sesəb
Enggano kixo
*təkəl 'sleep'
(Zobel 24 Jan 2021)Minahasan
Tondano, Tonsea, Tombulu, Tontemboan təkəl
(Proto Minahasan *təkəl, Sneddon 1978)
Sangiric
Ratahan tikil
Talaud tiʔilla
Sangil, Sangir tikiʔ
Bantik tiki
(Proto Sangiric *tikil, Sneddon 1984)
Other
Balantak tokol
Kedang tɛʔɛl
Bibliography
Adelaar, K. Alexander (1981). Reconstruction of Proto-Batak Phonology. In Robert A. Blust (ed.), Historical Linguistics in Indonesia: Part I, 1-20. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
Blust, Robert (2008). Is there a Bima-Sumba subgroup? Oceanic Linguistics 47(1): 45–113.
Blust, Robert & Stephen Trussel (work-in-progress). The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Web edition.
Edwards, Owen (2021). Rote-Meto Comparative Dictionary. Acton: ANU Press.
Jonker, J. C. G. (1932). Lettineesche Taalstudiën. (Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, LXIX). Bandung: Nix.
Martens, Michael P. (1997). Proto Kaili-Pamona: Reconstruction of the Protolanguage of a Microgroup in Sulawesi. Unpublished manuscript.
McDonnell, Bradley (2021). On the classification of Nasal. Presented at 15-ICAL (15th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics), Jun 28 - Jul 2, 2021, Olomouc.
Mead, David (1998). Proto–Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax. PhD diss., Rice University, Houston.
Mills, Roger F. (1975). Proto South Sulawesi and proto Austronesian phonology. PhD diss., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Nothofer, Bernd (1986). The Barrier Island Languages in the Austronesian Language Family. In Geraghty, P., Carrington, L. and Wurm, S.A. (eds.) Focal II: Papers From the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, pp. 87–109. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Smith, Alexander D. (2017). The languages of Borneo: A comprehensive classification. PhD diss., University of Hawai’i, Mānoa.
Sneddon, James (1978). Proto-Minahasan: Phonology, Morphology and Wordlist. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Sneddon, James (1984). Proto-Sangiric and the Sangiric Languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Zobel, Erik (2020). The Kaili–Wolio Branch of the Celebic Languages. Oceanic Linguistics 59(1/2): 297–346.
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